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Cadbury , formerly Cadbury’s and Cadbury Schweppes , is a British multinational confectionery company fully owned by Mondelez International originally Kraft Foods since It is the second largest confectionery brand in the world after Mars. It is known for its Dairy Milk chocolate, the Creme Egg and Roses selection box, and many other confectionery products. One of the best-known British brands, in The Daily Telegraph named Cadbury among Britain’s most successful exports.

Cadbury was established in Birmingham , England, in , by John Cadbury — , a Quaker who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to give the company’s workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in , used a higher proportion of milk in the recipe compared with rival products.

By , the chocolate was the company’s best-selling product. Cadbury, alongside Rowntree’s and Fry’s , were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Cadbury was granted its first Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria in In , chairman of the company for 24 years, Sir Adrian Cadbury , produced the Cadbury Report , a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.

John Cadbury’s sons Richard and George took over the business in The firm’s first major breakthrough occurred in when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.

Manufacturing their first Easter egg in , Cadbury created the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes. In , the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles 6. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station , which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory in In , George Cadbury bought acres 49 ha of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would ‘alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions’.

By the estate included cottages and houses set on acres ha of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate. In , following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars. In , Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar, a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars. Cadbury’s Milk Tray was first produced in and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War.

More than 2, of Cadbury’s male employees joined the British Armed Forces , and to support the British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops. In , Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart , Tasmania. A trainline was also built for easier access to Hobart. Of the 16 women who came to Tasmania to set up the factory, seven are known to have returned to the UK, two married and stayed in Tasmania, two did not marry but stayed and five left no record.

In , Cadbury merged with J. Cadbury expanded its product range with Flake , Creme eggs , Fruit and Nut , and Crunchie , originally under the Fry’s label. By , Cadbury was the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital. By the mids, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could readily afford to buy chocolate as it was no longer considered a luxury item for the working classes.

During the Second World War, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war.

The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in , and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products. Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in The merger put an end to Cadbury’s close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venturer philosophy in management.

In , company chairman Sir Adrian Cadbury produced the Cadbury Report via the Cadbury committee set up by the London Stock Exchange , a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. In March , it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business.

Between and jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around employees.

In mid, Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil.

Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no “new improved recipe” claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests.

By August , the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury’s flavoured sugar syrup based fillings where it referred to as ‘vegetable oil’. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company. The Hershey Company , based in Pennsylvania , manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate but not its other confectionery in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury’s “ethos”.

The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite , [58] who fought against the acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown , was very important to the British economy.

This was achieved on 5 February, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been “sacked twice”. As part of the deal Kraft kept the Cadbury, Hall’s and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz.

Lotte took over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand. On 4 August , Kraft Foods announced it would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International , of which Cadbury would become a subsidiary.

Beginning in , Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to “advantaged” country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico.

The closure of Cadbury factories in centres such as Dublin , Montreal , Chicago , Philadelphia , and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from the local populations. Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge Business Park from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair , City of Westminster in as a cost-saving measure. Located four miles 6. Bournville employs almost 1, people. Bournville is home to Mondelez’s Global Centre of Excellence for Chocolate research and development, so every new chocolate product created by Cadbury starts life at the Birmingham plant.

Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers. Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like 99 Flake , is made under licence by Frederick’s Dairies. Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods , but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on the Wirral , with distribution depots throughout the UK. According to the environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy , Cadbury chocolate wrappers along with Walkers crisps packets and Coca-Cola cans were the three top brands that were the most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets in The third is in Rathmore, County Kerry.

Cadbury used to produce the Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland. Cadbury USA produces candy , gum , breath mints and cough drops. It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. Accordingly, although the Cadbury group’s chocolate products have been sold in the U. Cadbury’s products were first imported into Australia as early as when 3 cases of Cadbury’s cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in Adelaide.

In , as part of its plans to expand internationally, the company decided to build a factory in Australia. In Claremont, Tasmania was chosen for the location because of its close proximity to the city of Hobart, good source of inexpensive hydro-electricity and plentiful supply of high-quality fresh milk. The first products from the factory were sold in Cadbury also operates a milk-processing plant in Cooee, Tasmania.

Claremont factory was once a popular tourist attraction and operated daily tours; however, the factory ceased running full tours mid, citing health and safety reasons. On 27 February , the confectionery and beverages businesses of Cadbury Schweppes in Australia were formally separated and the beverages business began operating as Schweppes Australia Pty Ltd.

In , the Australian Cadbury factory, located in Hobart , reduced its work force by 80 [] and in closed its visitor’s centre. Many of Cadbury’s products are halal certified. In , Cadbury partnered with local confectionery businessman Richard Hudson, who owned a chocolate, confectionery, biscuit factory on Castle Street. Hudson’s factory was rebranded as Cadbury Hudson and later became known as the Cadbury Confectionery. In , Cadbury established a tourist attraction on the premises of the Dunedin factory known as Cadbury World , which featured a large chocolate waterfall.

In , Cadbury closed down its Auckland factory, leading to the loss of jobs. In , the Cadbury Dunedin factory attracted criticism from consumers and local environmentalists when it replaced cocoa butter with palm oil.

In response, the company backtracked but still retained palm oil as a filling in some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in This is estimated to lead to the loss of jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez’s vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez’s decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury’s Australian factories.

Following four weeks of consultations with local Cadbury employees, the Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull , and local trade union representatives, Banfield confirmed that the closure would go ahead the following year due to the lack of viable options to continue production in New Zealand.

She also confirmed that Cadbury would offer a redundancy support package to staff and would also sponsor staff willing to move to Australia to work. Mondelez has also indicated that it is negotiating with two local chocolate companies to ensure the production of iconic local brands such as Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish, Buzz Bars, and Pinky Bars in New Zealand.

On 17 October , Cadbury announced that it would be shifting all production of its New Zealand brands to Australia after failing to find a local supplier. The termination of New Zealand production took effect in March Mondelez’s New Zealand country head James Kane confirmed the shift on the grounds that the production of Cadbury products would require certain technologies, production processes and skills that local New Zealand manufacturers lacked.

On 4 May, it was reported that the Dunedin Cadbury World would be closing down after the Ministry of Health purchased the entire former Cadbury factory site to make way for a new public hospital. Mondelez area vice-president Banfield confirmed that Cadbury had sold the former factory site to the Ministry of Health for an undisclosed amount.

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Our newsletter hand-delivers the best bits to your inbox. Sign up to unlock our digital magazines and also receive the latest news, events, offers and partner promotions. Discover the city with our list of the best things to do and see in London, for visitors and locals alike. From free days out to unmissable restaurants, this is your ultimate London checklist for July You can trust us here at Time Out.

And if you need somewhere to stay? This London bucket list curated by our editors and always hotly debated in the Time Out office is a good place to start because exploring this city can be a little daunting. This article includes affiliate links. These links have no influence on our editorial content. For more information, click here. What is it? Why go? The market goes on until 3pm in all weathers, but for the best buys you need to get there for 8am or hold out to the end for a bargain on unsold stock.

Oh just 3,00 acres of beautiful green space, filled with stunning vistas, rare plants, Victorian glasshouses, a Chinese pagoda and a treetop walkway. You know, nothing too grandiose. This world-leading botanic garden is captivating any time of year. Bag seats on Centre Court, lounge around on Murray Mound or catch the action for free on a big screen just outside the grounds on Aorangi Terrace. The top spots must be applied for by ballot UK applications start the August before but there are also tickets available each day during the tournament for those prepared to queue.

Bathing ponds in the middle of the wild green space of Hampstead Heath, where you can splash about any time of year.

The mixed pond is members-only and not lifeguarded in winter. Competent swimmers aged eight-plus are allowed. Sorry, chaps. To stand or not to stand, that is the question. In the era of Mr Shakespeare himself, many theatregoers would stay on their feet when watching a play.

Pop to the pub beforehand for a pint or two — and maybe a coffee to keep you awake into the early hours. A quaint and extremely instagrammable corner of London, it’s known for its stunning waterways and narrowboats.

It’s a special spot, packed with a bustling community of boat-dwelling Londoners, Little Venice is a special spot. From Primrose Hill, London’s skyline is picture-perfect and, while this might be your priority for heading to this spot, it shouldn’t be the only one.

The scenery is dreamy. Bird-watching enthusiasts will be able to spot all sorts of different feathered friends, from kingfishers to peregrine falcons, wildfowl and more 54 species, in fact. Entry is totally free but permits are available if you take your birding seriously, and are necessary for angling too. The fragrance is fantastic throughout the year, but visit in early June to see the blooms at their best.

A welcoming and brilliantly maintained urban farm, complete with cute animals, just off Brick Lane in east London. Friendly residents up for a pat include Bayleaf the donkey and a lovable pair of hairy hogs. The farm shop sells homegrown produce like freshly laid eggs, and the range of veg grown is remarkable for the location.

A proper city gem with a lovely vibe. The park is also home to a remarkable hidden treasure: a traditionally designed Japanese garden. Visit the garden in autumn to catch it at its vibrant best. To be inspired and challenged — even by the architecture. Tate Modern is based in what was Bankside Power Station. Its Switch House extension added gallery space and incredible degree views of the London skyline. Step inside to discover works by the likes of Warhol, Matisse and Bourgeois, all part of the free permanent collection.

Just tap in and out with an Oyster or contactless card as you would on the tube or bus. This south-east London park was once the grounds of an enormous glass exhibition hall known as The Crystal Palace, which burned down in the s. For the dinosaurs. Yeah, you read that right. The park is populated with Victorian dinosaur sculptures, which are extremely anatomically incorrect.

You can even take a waterborne dinosaur selfie, which should win you a few Instagram likes. High-profile ticketed exhibitions often sell out, but the permanent exhibits are fascinating and free to visit book a ticket and time slot through a new and socially distanced system. When it catches the sunlight, the glittering ceramics make London look like s Rome. Unapologetically eccentric and always original, Liberty is a whimsical department store near Oxford Circus.

It was founded in , but the mock-Tudor Marlborough Street incarnation — constructed with the timbers of two ancient warships — was built in the s. Although Liberty trades on its history, it squeezes fashion-forward innovation into its wood-panelled rooms. Browse silks, Liberty-print cottons and one-off designer collaborations. Brussels sprout bauble, anyone? A good old-fashioned caff. Traces of bygone eras, like art deco interior details and Formica tables have earned E Pellicci Grade II-listed status, but what diners love best is that the fry-ups, grills and Italian plates are still all dished up by the same family.

Cocktails are among the most expensive in the city, but bar snacks are fabulous. Not enough for you? For more secondhand goodies, head further up the road, beyond the Westway. Plus, you can grab yourself a selfie in front of the famed pastel houses in the area. Sections of the market are open six days a week but for vintage treasures, brave the crowds and go browsing on a Saturday. A whole lot of neon artwork on display at a salvage yard in Walthamstow. Its late owner, artist Chris Bracey, collected lights for nearly 40 years, as well as crafting and restoring them.

Now on display at a salvage yard in Walthamstow, some are seedy — having advertised the s strip clubs and peep shows of Soho — while others are heartwarmingly nostalgic. London’s entertainment epicentre in the West End with a somewhat torrid history. It now teems with drinkers and diners on its pedestrianised streets.

Plus, the hedonistic spirit of the area lives on in its streets. One of the brains behind The Glory is drag legend Jonny Woo, so no surprise that it does gender-ambiguous and adventurous alternative cabaret so brilliantly. Drop by for a drink and see how the night unfolds typically, fabulously. An intense hit of Chinese culture sandwiched between Soho and a shuttered Theatreland, Chinatown is one of London’s foodie gems.

Bilingual street signs, colourful pagodas, lion statues and grand red-and-gold gates welcome you to an area packed with restaurants and shops — many of which have taken a hit across the pandemic. A large, leafy greenhouse within the iconic performing arts and exhibition centre. This labyrinthine arts complex is part of a vast concrete estate — an icon of brutalist London architecture — that also includes 2, covetable flats and lots of confusing walkways.

The indoor garden has 2, plant species. Plus, its theatre venues have finally reopened. A riverside titan of arts and entertainment, the Southbank Centre is made up of multiple venues hosting some of London’s most sought-after events. Whether or not there’s an event on, it’s still great for a visit.

Munch on vegan cake at the food market or pick up a rare first edition at the bookstalls. When it comes to Sunday roasts, London has something for every taste if that taste is for comforting mounds of carbs in the colder months.

But if meat makes your meal, head to Hawksmoor. Holy cow, the British-reared rump of beef is delicious, cooked to a rosy medium-rare — first over charcoal, then in the oven.

The NT got many of us through lockdown with its free-to-stream series of crowd-pleasing plays — now we can return the favour by buying a ticket to an in-person production.

No biggie. Pandemic silver lining: you can now book a table or space at the counter, rather than rocking up and trying your luck. A home to a rather impressive 80 million plant, animal, fossil, rock and mineral specimens.

This South Kensington spot, which is also a world-class research institution, is full of wonders. To come face-to-face with animatronic dinosaurs, a man-sized model of a foetus, a dodo, a giant sequoia tree, an earthquake simulator and glow-in-the-dark crystals. Located on Fenchurch Street, right in the heart of the City, this beautiful venue caused quite a stir when it first opened. A real-life medieval castle by the Thames and, if we want to be technical, it’s actually speaking, the Queen’s Royal Palace and fortress.

For all that bling and the ravens, if we’re honest. Arrive early to beat the crowds and catch a glimpse of these precious rocks that the Royal Family still uses on official occasions. This is the second Market Hall the other two are in Fulham and off Oxford Street and the best thing to happen to Victoria since the trains arrived. Where else can you munch on roti canai, salt beef sarnies and wontons all in the same sitting? One of the county’s most famous institutions, dedicated to human history, art and culture.

The world-famous Egyptian stone, the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs, is the most sought out item in the collection.

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И японцы действительно верят, что «Цифровая крепость» – это нечто особенное. Самое лучшее из того, что можно найти на рынке. – Должно быть, Танкадо держится в стороне от таких вещей, но всем известно, что он гений. Это культовая фигура, икона в мире хакеров.